Effect of the dietary inflammatory potential on the trajectory of body adiposity in a Brazilian cohort of university students.

OBJECTIVES: University students are vulnerable to unhealthy eating habits that characterize a proinflammatory diet. This study aimed to estimate the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and its association with the trajectory of body adiposity markers in university students. METHODS: The study analyzed data from 685 students entering a Brazilian public university in 2016 and 2017 and followed until 2018. DII was estimated from 39 dietary parameters obtained by 24-h dietary recall. Body adiposity was assessed by anthropometric markers and the percentage of body fat. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the trajectory of adiposity markers according to DII tertiles. RESULTS: After adjustment for confounding variables, at baseline, DII showed a positive association with increased percentage of body fat among men (ß = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.01; 1.03) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR; ß = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.12; 0.18) and among women with all body adiposity markers: BMI (ß = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.30; 1.05), percentage of body fat (ß = 1.43; 95% CI: 0.74; 2.11), WC (ß = 1.15; 95% CI: 0.41; 1.89) and WHtR (ß = 0.13; 95% CI:0,10; 0.16). The rate of change of the outcome variables over time was not associated with DII at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The diet of university students in this Brazilian cohort study was characterized as proinflammatory and it was associated with body adiposity markers.

Consumption of free sugars and dietary sources in the diet of university students according to socioeconomic and lifestyle factors / Consumo de açúcar livre e fontes dietéticas na dieta de estudantes universitários segundo fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the consumption of free sugars and associated factors in the diet of university students entering full-time courses at a public university in Mato Grosso. Methods Cross-sectional study with students aged 16 to 26 years in the first semester of 2016, 2017, and 2018. Average sugar consumption was estimated using a 24-hour diet recall, evaluating the percentage of free sugars in total energy intake and the prevalence of consumption greater than 10.0% of total energy intake, according to socioeconomic and lifestyle variables, stratified by sex, and the foods that most contributed to its consumption. Results A total of 1,063 students were evaluated, the percentage of free sugars in the students' diet was on average 14.3% among men and 15.4% among women, with the prevalence of consumption above 10.0% also being higher among women (72.6 vs. 66.6%). There was a direct relationship between the participation of free sugars in the highest tertiles of energy intake, and the main food groups sources of sugar were desserts, juices, soft drinks, and coffee. There was a significant association between courses outside the health sciences, tobacco use, and unsatisfactory meal consumption profile with higher consumption of free sugars among women. Among men, sugar consumption was higher among those who were not overweight compared to those who were overweight. Conclusion The consumption of free sugars is high among university students, being associated with higher energy consumption, especially for sweetened beverages.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o consumo de açúcar livre e os fatores associados na alimentação de universitários ingressantes em cursos de período integral em uma universidade pública de Mato Grosso. Métodos Estudo transversal com estudantes de 16 a 26 anos de idade no primeiro semestre de 2016, 2017 e 2018 (n=1.063). O consumo médio de açúcar foi estimado por meio de recordatório de 24 horas, sendo avaliada a participação do açúcar livre na ingestão energética total e a prevalência de participação do consumo superior a 10,0% da ingestão energética, segundo variáveis socioeconômicas, de estilo de vida e fatores dietéticos, , estratificadas por sexo. Resultados A participação do açúcar livre na dieta foi, em média, de 14,3% entre os homens e 15,4% entre as mulheres, sendo a prevalência de consumo acima de 10,0% também maior entre as mulheres (72,6 vs. 66,6%). Foi maior a participação do açúcar livre nos tercis mais elevados de ingestão energética, sendo verificado que os principais grupos de alimentos fontes foram sobremesas, sucos, refrigerantes e café. Entre as mulheres, verificou-se maior consumo de açúcar livre entre aquelas que faziam uso de tabaco e que apresentavam perfil de consumo de refeições insatisfatório. Por outro lado, menor consumo de açúcar livre foi observado entre as estudantes da área da saúde. Entre os homens, o consumo de açúcar livre foi maior entre aqueles sem excesso de peso, comparados aos com excesso. Conclusão O consumo de açúcar livre foi elevado entre estudantes universitários, sendo maior entre os estudantes com maior consumo energético. Verificou-se que as bebidas adoçadas estiveram entre as principais fontes.

Simultaneidade de comportamentos de risco para saúde e fatores associados na população brasileira: dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - 2013 / Simultaneity of health risk behaviors and associated factors in the Brazilian population: data from the National Health Survey - 2013

Resumo Introdução As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) apresentam origem multifatorial e entre os fatores de risco predisponentes a elas estão os comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida. Esses comportamentos poucas vezes ocorrem de maneira isolada, sendo a simultaneidade um fator agravante para o desenvolvimento de DCNT. Objetivo Estimar a ocorrência simultânea de comportamentos de risco para saúde e fatores associados na população brasileira. Método Utilizaram-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada em 2013. Os comportamentos de risco foram: tabagismo, consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas, consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras, tempo excessivo de TV e inatividade física. A presença de cada comportamento foi somada para obter a simultaneidade. As variáveis independentes analisadas foram: sexo, faixa etária e nível de escolaridade. Utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para avaliar os fatores associados à ocorrência simultânea e a regressão logística para a associação entre os comportamentos de risco à saúde avaliados. Resultados Os comportamentos de risco mais frequentes foram: inatividade física (68,5%), consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras (32,9%) e tempo excessivo de TV (28,9%). Quatro em cada dez indivíduos estavam expostos a dois comportamentos de risco simultaneamente. A ocorrência de três ou mais comportamentos de risco foi mais frequente entre os homens adolescentes e adultos quando comparados aos idosos, e houve redução gradual da frequência com o aumento da escolaridade. Conclusão Foi elevada a frequência de ocorrência simultânea de comportamentos de risco para saúde, a qual pode comprometer as condições de saúde da população brasileira.

Abstract Background Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have a multifactorial origin and lifestyle-related behaviors are among the predisposing risk factors. These behaviors seldom occur in isolation, and the simultaneity is an aggravating factor for the development of NCDs. Objective To estimate the simultaneous occurrence of health risk behaviors and associated factors in the Brazilian population. Method Data from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013 were used. The risk behaviors evaluated were smoking, abusive alcoholic beverage consumption, irregular consumption of fruits and vegetables, excessive screen time, and physical inactivity. The presence of each behavior was added to obtain simultaneity. The independent variables analyzed were gender, age group, and education level. The chi-square test was used to assess factors associated with simultaneous occurrence and logistic regression for the association between the health risk behaviors assessed. Results The most frequent risk behaviors were physical inactivity (68.5%), irregular consumption of fruits and vegetables (32.9%), and excessive screen time (28.9%). Four out of ten individuals were exposed to two risk behaviors simultaneously. The occurrence of three or more risk behaviors was more frequent among males, adolescents, and adults, compared to the elderly, and there was a gradual reduction with the increase in the education level. Conclusion The frequency of simultaneous occurrence of health risk behaviors was elevated, which may compromise the health conditions of the Brazilian population.

Cesarean birth and risk of obesity from birth to adolescence: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown associations between cesarean birth and overweight. However, very few studies have evaluated weight gain or adiposity throughout life, and the majority are restricted to analysis during childhood. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of cesarean birth on obesity risk from birth to adolescence. METHODS: The study sample was drawn from live births that occurred in 1999 and 2000 in Mato Grosso-Brazil. Participants were evaluated once when they were between 0 and 5 years of age and again after approximately 10 years (2009-2011). To measure the association between cesarean birth and obesity (Body Mass Index/age >+2 z-scores), we used generalized estimation equations (GEE) with binomial distribution and log-binomial models for repeated measures, controlled by the following confounding factors: weight and length at birth, sex, gestational age, breastfeeding, maternal age and schooling, economic class in childhood, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. The exposure-time interaction term was evaluated to verify differences in the change in the risk of obesity over time. RESULTS: 56.8% of children in the sample were born by cesarean birth. Children born by cesarean had a higher risk of obesity from birth through adolescence (RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.02; 1.46), even after adjusting for covariates, when compared with those born vaginally. However, the time-exposure interaction term was not significant, which indicates that there was no increased risk of obesity over time. CONCLUSION: Cesarean birth was positively associated with obesity from birth to adolescence, with a persistent risk in the period evaluated.

Incidence of depressive symptoms and its association with sociodemographic factors and lifestyle-related behaviors among Brazilian university students.

Entering university brings on changes in lifestyle and psychological stress and has been associated with increased risk of 1988 in college students. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of depressive symptoms and associated sociodemographic and lifestyle factors among university students. A dynamic cohort of freshmen was followed up for three years, starting at their entry to university (baseline) and then annually. A structured auto administered questionnaire was applied to obtain information on age, sex, economic class, living situation, smoking and drinking, sedentary and sleep behaviors, and change in physical activity after university admission. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionaire-9. Incidence and incidence rate of depressive symptoms were calculated. Poisson Regression with robust variance was used to identify risk factors associated to these disorders. A total of 1,034 students without depressive symptoms at baseline were investigated. The overall incidence of depressive symptoms was 28.3% and the incidence rate (IR) was 2.12, being greater for females (2.75) than males (1.65). The IR decreased over time for both males (from 2.61 to 0.41) and females (from 4.25 to 0.54). A greater risk of depressive symptoms was observed for younger male students compared to those ≥20 years old (IRRadj = 1.64) and for women who reported concomitant use of alcohol and tobacco compared to those that reported no smoking and no alcohol consumption. For both males (IRRadj = 2.80) and females (IRRadj = 1.91), severe stress level was associated with greater risk of depressive symptoms when compared to mild stress level. Depressive Symptoms occurred more significantly in females, in the early years of undergraduate course, in males <20 years old, and among those with high stress level. Understanding the possible causes of depression is essential to promote mental health and well-being among college student.

Breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the results of the association between breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. METHODS: The articles were searched in May 2020 from PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Scopus, Web of Science and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The review included observational studies conducted with adolescents (10-19 years old), which estimated the association of breakfast skipping with at least one outcome (markers of body adiposity, blood pressure, serum lipid and glucose levels). Regarding the risk of bias, the articles were evaluated using the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) Item Bank on bias risk and accuracy of observational studies. The quality of the evidence was assessed by the Grade rating. RESULTS: A total of 43 articles involving 192,262 participants met the inclusion criteria and were considered in this review. The prevalence of breakfast skipping ranged from 0.7% to 94% and 60.5% of studies were classified with low risk of bias. The significant association between breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors was found in twenty-nine cross-sectional articles (n = 106,031) and four longitudinal articles (n = 5,162) for excess adiposity, in three articles (n = 8,511) for high total cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, and in three studies (n = 6,303) for high blood pressure levels. However, there was no significant association between breakfast skipping and glycemic profile. According to the Grade rating, all the associations had low quality of evidence. CONCLUSION: The results of this review suggest that breakfast skipping is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. However, considering the low quality of the evidence, the present results should be interpreted carefully. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of standardizing the definition of breakfast skipping and that more prospective studies are needed to determine how skipping breakfast can affect cardiometabolic risk factors in the long time.

Lifestyle-related behaviors and depressive symptoms in college students.

This study sought to examine the association between lifestyle-related behaviors and depressive symptoms among college students. This cross-sectional study analyzed baseline data of a dynamic-cohort study from a public university in Central-Western Brazil, in all 21 undergraduate full-time courses. Students up to 25 years old who were enrolled for the first time in a university were included in the study, except pregnant and/or nursing women. All students who met the eligibility criteria were invited to participate in the study. From a total of 1,212 eligible students, 1,038 were included (85.6%). All participants answered a self-administered questionnaire on smoking, alcohol consumption, screen time, sleep duration, and meal patterns. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Multivariate Poisson regression models stratified by sex were used to estimate the associations. Depressive symptoms was observed in 31.6% (males 23.6%; females 39.9%; p-value chi-square test = 0.01) of the students. Smoking, drinking spirits, and having irregular meal habits were directly associated with depressive symptoms in both males and females. The co-occurrence of two risk behaviors (men: aPR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.25; 3.99; women: aPR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.03; 2.30) and three or more risk behaviors (men: aPR = 3.42, 95%CI: 1.90; 6.16; women: aPR = 2.09, 95%CI: 1.39; 3.15) increased the occurrence of depressive symptoms among the students. Lifestyle-related unhealthy behaviors were associated with an increased occurrence of depressive symptoms among college students. These findings suggest the need of interventions encouraging changes in lifestyle to promote mental health and to improve the quality of life in this group.

Poor sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness and association with mental health in college students.

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) among college students and to analyse their association with aspects of mental health. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study carried out with 1113 college students, enrolled in full-time courses at a public university in the Mid-West region of Brazil. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire with questions about demographics, socioeconomics, mental health, sleep quality, and EDS. Measurements of weight and height were taken to assess weight status using the body mass index. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between perceived stress (classified as light, moderate, and high) and presence of depressive symptoms with poor sleep quality and presence of EDS. RESULTS: High prevalence of poor sleep quality (65.5%) and EDS (55%) was observed. In the adjusted models, poor sleep quality was significantly associated with moderate and high perceived stress and presence of depressive symptoms. For EDS, there was also a significant association with moderate and high perceived stress and presence of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of poor sleep quality and EDS was found among college students. Perceived stress and presence of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with both evaluated outcomes.

[Sleep-related problems and associated factors among the Brazilian population: National Health Survey, 2013]. / Problemas com o sono e fatores associados na população brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013.

The scope of this study was to estimate the frequency of sleep-related problems and associated factors. It was a study based on data from the National Health Survey conducted in Brazil in 2013. Sleep-related problems were assessed with the question "How often have you had sleep problems in the last two weeks, such as difficulty falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or sleeping more than usual?" The answers were grouped into: none of the days, less than half of the days and more than half of the days. Of the individuals evaluated, 71.1% reported having no problems with sleep on any day, 14.0% on at least half of the days and 14.9% on more than half of the days. The highest frequencies of sleep-related problems were reported by women and more advanced age. For men and women, smoking, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, and high blood pressure were significantly associated with the frequency of sleep problems on more than half of the days, and also excess weight for women. Thus, the frequency of sleep-related problems in the Brazilian population was high. Women, older individuals with lifestyle-related risk behaviors, high blood pressure, and overweight were the highest risk subgroups.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a frequência de problemas com o sono e os fatores associados, analisando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, realizado em 2013 no Brasil. Os problemas com o sono foram avaliados com a pergunta "Nas duas últimas semanas, com que frequência o(a) sr(a) teve problemas no sono, como dificuldade para adormecer, acordar frequentemente à noite ou dormir mais do que de costume?", as respostas foram agrupadas em: nenhum dia, menos da metade dos dias e mais da metade dos dias. Dos indivíduos avaliados, 71,1% relataram não ter problemas com o sono em nenhum dia, 14,0% em pelo menos metade dos dias e 14,9% em mais da metade dos dias. As maiores frequências de problemas com o sono foram relatadas pelas mulheres e com o aumento da idade. Para homens e mulheres, tabagismo, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, inatividade física, comportamento sedentário e hipertensão arterial apresentaram associação significativa com a frequência de problemas com o sono em mais da metade dos dias, e o excesso de peso para as mulheres. Assim, foi elevada a frequência de problemas com o sono na população brasileira. Mulheres, indivíduos mais velhos, com comportamentos de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida, hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso corporal foram os subgrupos em maior risco.

Problemas com o sono e fatores associados na população brasileira: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 / Sleep-related problems and associated factors among the Brazilian population: National Health Survey, 2013

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a frequência de problemas com o sono e os fatores associados, analisando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, realizado em 2013 no Brasil. Os problemas com o sono foram avaliados com a pergunta "Nas duas últimas semanas, com que frequência o(a) sr(a) teve problemas no sono, como dificuldade para adormecer, acordar frequentemente à noite ou dormir mais do que de costume?", as respostas foram agrupadas em: nenhum dia, menos da metade dos dias e mais da metade dos dias. Dos indivíduos avaliados, 71,1% relataram não ter problemas com o sono em nenhum dia, 14,0% em pelo menos metade dos dias e 14,9% em mais da metade dos dias. As maiores frequências de problemas com o sono foram relatadas pelas mulheres e com o aumento da idade. Para homens e mulheres, tabagismo, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, inatividade física, comportamento sedentário e hipertensão arterial apresentaram associação significativa com a frequência de problemas com o sono em mais da metade dos dias, e o excesso de peso para as mulheres. Assim, foi elevada a frequência de problemas com o sono na população brasileira. Mulheres, indivíduos mais velhos, com comportamentos de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida, hipertensão arterial e excesso de peso corporal foram os subgrupos em maior risco.

Abstract The scope of this study was to estimate the frequency of sleep-related problems and associated factors. It was a study based on data from the National Health Survey conducted in Brazil in 2013. Sleep-related problems were assessed with the question "How often have you had sleep problems in the last two weeks, such as difficulty falling asleep, waking up frequently during the night or sleeping more than usual?" The answers were grouped into: none of the days, less than half of the days and more than half of the days. Of the individuals evaluated, 71.1% reported having no problems with sleep on any day, 14.0% on at least half of the days and 14.9% on more than half of the days. The highest frequencies of sleep-related problems were reported by women and more advanced age. For men and women, smoking, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, and high blood pressure were significantly associated with the frequency of sleep problems on more than half of the days, and also excess weight for women. Thus, the frequency of sleep-related problems in the Brazilian population was high. Women, older individuals with lifestyle-related risk behaviors, high blood pressure, and overweight were the highest risk subgroups.

Skipping breakfast is associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents - ERICA.

Breakfast is considered as the most important meal of the day. The habit of skipping this meal in adolescence tends to remain until adulthood and has been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. The present study estimated the prevalence of skipping breakfast and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), with a nationally representative sample of 36 956 Brazilian adolescents, aged 12-17 years, enrolled in public and private schools. The outcomes were excess body weight (BMI), central obesity (waist circumference and waist:height ratio), lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TAG) and glycidic profile (fasting glycaemia, fasting insulin and glycated Hb). The association between skipping breakfast and each outcome was estimated using multiple Poisson regression models (prevalence ratio (PR) and 95 % CI). Prevalence of skipping breakfast was 68·7 % and, after adjustments, it was associated with excess body weight (PR = 1·30; 95 % CI 1·18, 1·43), central obesity both by waist circumference (PR = 1·27; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·61) and by waist:height ratio (PR = 1·32; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·54) and high fasting glucose levels (PR = 1·54; 95 % CI 1·09, 2·18), fasting insulin (PR = 1·64; 95 % CI 1·21, 2·22), glycated Hb (PR = 1·16; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·31) and total cholesterol (PR = 1·14; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·27). Skipping breakfast was associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. In this context, the school environment is an ideal space to promote healthy eating habits, favouring the implementation of food and nutrition education activities to make adolescents aware of the importance of consuming breakfast daily.

Prevalence of disordered eating behaviors and associated factors in Brazilian university students.

BACKGROUND: University students may be a vulnerable group to adopt unhealthy behaviors, including changes in eating behavior. Assessment of factors associated with the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors in this population may facilitate the early identification of their predictors, thus allowing fast interventions. AIM: To analyze the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors (DEB) and associated factors in Brazilian university students. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of male and female students aged 16-25 years, enrolled in full-time degree program at a public university in the mid-west of Brazil. Disordered eating behaviors in the last three months (binge eating, purging, and food restriction), through an adapted version of the instrument developed by Hay, was evaluated and the association with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, including lifestyle, body image, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and excess weight, was analyzed. A hierarchical analysis model was performed to determine the relative importance of factors on the prevalence of DEB. RESULTS: A total of 1608 university students were evaluated (50.7% male). Prevalence of DEB was 4.4% for binge eating, 2.5% for purging and 9.1% for food restriction, all of which were higher among women (7.0%, 4.4%, and 13.5%) compared with men (1.8%, 0,6%, and 4.9%, respectively). The factors that remained significantly associated with these behaviors were female sex, smoking, consumption of alcoholic beverages, dissatisfaction with body image, excess weight, high perceived stress, and presence of self-reported depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Factors associated with DEB signal that intervention is required to create synergy between individual and population-level interventions in lifestyle behaviors.

Tendência das prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade em adultos brasileiros: análise do VIGITEL 2006-2019 por capitais e Distrito Federal / Trends of overweight and obesity prevalence among Brazilian adults: Analysis of 2006-2019 VIGITEL by capitals and Federal District

Objetivo: Avaliar a tendência das prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade em adultos brasileiros nas 26 capitais estaduais e no Distrito Federal, obtidas por meio de inquéritos telefônicos nacionais. Métodos: As prevalências de excesso de peso e obesidade foram obtidas a partir dos dados do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL) de 2006 a 2019. As prevalências para cada capital e Distrito Federal foram estratificadas por sexo e ajustadas para idade. Foi utilizado o método de regressão linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: A prevalência geral de excesso de peso entre homens aumentou de 47,5% em 2006 para 55,9% em 2019 e entre mulheres de 37,1% para 49,4% com variação percentual anual de 2,5% e 5,1%, respectivamente. A prevalência de obesidade nas 26 capitais e no Distrito Federal aumentou entre homens de 11,1% em 2006 para 18,5% em 2019, com variação percentual anual de 7,3%, e de 11,3% para 18,3% entre mulheres, com variação percentual anual de 7,1%. A maior variação percentual anual para a prevalência de excesso de peso foi observada para mulheres de Belém, Recife e São Paulo, e a menor para homens de Macapá, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Para prevalência de obesidade, a maior variação percentual anual foi observada entre homens do Distrito Federal, e a menor entre homens de São Paulo e mulheres de Fortaleza. Conclusão: Tendências crescentes de excesso de peso e obesidade foram identificadas em adultos brasileiros de ambos os sexos.

Aim: To evaluate the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Brazilian adults in the 26 state capitals and the Federal District, obtained from national telephone surveys. Methods: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was obtained from the Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases Through Telephone Surveys (VIGITEL) from 2006 to 2019. The prevalence for each capital and the Federal District were stratified by sex and adjusted for age. The Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression method was used. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight among men increased from 47.5% in 2006 to 55.9% in 2019, and among women from 37.1% to 49.4% with an annual percent change of 2.5% and 5.1%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity in the 26 capitals and Federal District increased among men from 11.1% in 2006 to 18.5% in 2019, with an annual percent change of 7.3%, and from 11.3% to 18, 3% among women, with an annual percent change of 7.1%. The highest annual change for the prevalence of overweight was observed for women from Belém, Recife and São Paulo and the lowest for men from Macapá, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo. For prevalence of obesity, the highest annual change was observed among men in the Federal District, and lowest among men from São Paulo and women from Fortaleza. Conclusion: Increasing trends in overweight and obesity were identified in Brazilian adults of both sexes.

Breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Systematic review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To systematically review the results of the association between breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. METHODS The articles were searched in May 2020 from PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Scopus, Web of Science and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The review included observational studies conducted with adolescents (10-19 years old), which estimated the association of breakfast skipping with at least one outcome (markers of body adiposity, blood pressure, serum lipid and glucose levels). Regarding the risk of bias, the articles were evaluated using the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) Item Bank on bias risk and accuracy of observational studies. The quality of the evidence was assessed by the Grade rating. RESULTS A total of 43 articles involving 192,262 participants met the inclusion criteria and were considered in this review. The prevalence of breakfast skipping ranged from 0.7% to 94% and 60.5% of studies were classified with low risk of bias. The significant association between breakfast skipping and cardiometabolic risk factors was found in twenty-nine cross-sectional articles (n = 106,031) and four longitudinal articles (n = 5,162) for excess adiposity, in three articles (n = 8,511) for high total cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, and in three studies (n = 6,303) for high blood pressure levels. However, there was no significant association between breakfast skipping and glycemic profile. According to the Grade rating, all the associations had low quality of evidence. CONCLUSION The results of this review suggest that breakfast skipping is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. However, considering the low quality of the evidence, the present results should be interpreted carefully. In addition, our findings highlight the importance of standardizing the definition of breakfast skipping and that more prospective studies are needed to determine how skipping breakfast can affect cardiometabolic risk factors in the long time.

Lifestyle-related behaviors and depressive symptoms in college students / Comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida e sintomas depressivos em estudantes universitários / Comportamientos relacionados con el estilo de vida y síntomas depresivos en estudiantes universitarios

Abstract: This study sought to examine the association between lifestyle-related behaviors and depressive symptoms among college students. This cross-sectional study analyzed baseline data of a dynamic-cohort study from a public university in Central-Western Brazil, in all 21 undergraduate full-time courses. Students up to 25 years old who were enrolled for the first time in a university were included in the study, except pregnant and/or nursing women. All students who met the eligibility criteria were invited to participate in the study. From a total of 1,212 eligible students, 1,038 were included (85.6%). All participants answered a self-administered questionnaire on smoking, alcohol consumption, screen time, sleep duration, and meal patterns. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Multivariate Poisson regression models stratified by sex were used to estimate the associations. Depressive symptoms was observed in 31.6% (males 23.6%; females 39.9%; p-value chi-square test = 0.01) of the students. Smoking, drinking spirits, and having irregular meal habits were directly associated with depressive symptoms in both males and females. The co-occurrence of two risk behaviors (men: aPR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.25; 3.99; women: aPR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.03; 2.30) and three or more risk behaviors (men: aPR = 3.42, 95%CI: 1.90; 6.16; women: aPR = 2.09, 95%CI: 1.39; 3.15) increased the occurrence of depressive symptoms among the students. Lifestyle-related unhealthy behaviors were associated with an increased occurrence of depressive symptoms among college students. These findings suggest the need of interventions encouraging changes in lifestyle to promote mental health and to improve the quality of life in this group.

Resumo: O estudo buscou examinar a associação entre comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida e sintomas depressivos em estudantes universitários. O estudo transversal analisou os dados da linha de base de um estudo em estilo coorte dinâmica de uma universidade pública da Região Centro-oeste do Brasil, recrutados em 21 cursos de graduação de tempo integral. Foram incluídos no estudo, universitários de até 25 anos de idade matriculados pela primeira vez na universidade, exceto mulheres gestantes e lactantes. Todos os universitários que atenderam os critérios de elegibilidade foram convidados a participar do estudo. Entre o total de 1.212 elegíveis, 1.038 foram estudados (85,6%). Todos os participantes responderam a um questionário auto-aplicado sobre tabagismo, consumo de álcool, tempo de uso de computador, Internet e TV, duração do sono e padrões alimentares. Os sintomas depressivos foram avaliados com o Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Modelos de regressão Poisson multivariada, estratificados por sexo, foram usados para estimar as associações. Sintomas depressivos foram observados em 31,6% da amostra (homens, 23,6%; mulheres, 39,9%; valor de p do teste de qui-quadrado = 0,01). Tabagismo, consumo de bebidas destiladas e hábitos alimentares irregulares mostraram associação direta com sintomas depressivos em homens e mulheres. A ocorrência simultânea de dois comportamentos de risco (homens: RPa = 2,23, IC95%: 1,25; 3,99; mulheres: RPa = 1,54, IC95%: 1,03; 2,30) e três ou mais comportamentos de risco (homens: RPa = 3,42, IC95%: 1,90; 6,16; mulheres: RPa = 2,09, IC95%: 1,39; 3,15) aumentaram a ocorrência de sintomas depressivos entre os universitários. Comportamentos não saudáveis relacionados ao estilo de vida mostraram uma associação com o aumento de sintomas depressivos entre os universitários. Os achados sugerem a necessidade de intervenções para incentivar mudanças de estilo de vida, no sentido de promover a saúde mental e melhorar a qualidade de vida desse grupo.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la asociación entre los comportamientos relacionados con el estilo de vida y síntomas depresivos entre estudiantes universitarios. Este estudio transversal analizó datos de referencia de un estudio de cohorte dinámica, procedentes de una universidad pública en la Región Centro Oeste de Brasil, en los 21 cursos universitarios a tiempo completo. Se incluyeron en el estudio a estudiantes de hasta los 25 años de edad, que estaban inscritos por primera vez en la universidad, excepto mujeres embarazadas y/o mujeres lactantes. Todos los estudiantes que cumplieron con los criterios de eligilidad fueron invitados a participar en el estudio. De un total de 1.212 estudiantes elegibles, fueron estudiados 1.038 (85,6%). Todos los participantes respondieron a un cuestionario autoadministrado sobre tabaco, consumo de bebidas destiladas, tiempo ante la pantalla, duración del sueño, así como patrones de comidas. Los síntomas depresivos se evaluaron usando el Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). También se utilizaron modelos de regresión de Poisson multivariados estratificados por sexo para estimar las asociaciones. Se observaron síntomas depresivos en un 31,6% (hombres 23,6%; mujeres 39,9%; valor de p test de chi-cuadrado = 0,01) de los estudiantes. Fumar, beber bebidas alcohólicas, y tener hábitos irregulares de comidas estuvieron directamente asociados con síntomas depresivos, tanto en hombres, como en mujeres. La co-ocurrencia de dos comportamientos de riesgo (hombres: aPR = 2,23, IC95%: 1,25; 3,99; mujeres: aPR = 1,54, IC95%: 1,03; 2,30) y tres o más comportamientos de riesgo (hombres: aPR = 3,42, IC95%: 1,90; 6,16; mujeres: aPR = 2,09, IC95%: 1,39; 3,15) incrementaron la ocurrencia de síntomas depresivos entre los estudiantes. El estilo de vida, relacionado con comportamientos poco saludables, estuvo asociado con un incremento en la ocurrencia de síntomas depresivos entre estudiantes universitarios. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de intervenciones animando cambios en el estilo de vida para promover la salud mental y para mejorar la calidad de vida de este grupo.

Cárie dentária e fatores associados aos 12 anos na Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil em 2010: um estudo transversal / Dental caries and associated factors at age 12 in the Brazilian

Resumo O objetivo do estudo é analisar o índice de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (CPO-D) na idade de 12 anos da Região Centro-Oeste e identificar fatores associados, segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal, o SB Brasil 2010. É um estudo transversal de base populacional do banco de dados do SB Brasil 2010, realizado nas capitais de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Distrito Federal e uma amostra de municípios da região. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de qui-quadrado e razões de prevalências com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança, a um nível de significância de 0,05. A regressão de Poisson foi empregada na análise múltipla para analisar a associação entre a variável desfecho e as variáveis explicativas. As variáveis independentes que se mostraram associadas ao CPO-D foram: o estado de moradia em Mato Grosso, Goiás e Mato Grosso do Sul; a renda per capita ≤ R$500,00; dificuldade para comer e dormir, e o motivo da consulta por Dor/Extração/Tratamento/Outros. A média do índice CPO-D foi de 2,14 e a prevalência da cárie dental foi de 41% dos adolescentes.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the index of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) at age 12 in the Midwest Region and to identify associated factors, according to the National Oral Health Survey "SB Brasil 2010". This is a cross-sectional population-based study from the SB Brasil 2010 database, conducted in the capitals of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Federal District and a sample of municipalities in the region. Data were analyzed by the chi-square test and prevalence ratios with their respective confidence intervals, at a significance level of 5%. The Poisson regression was used in the multiple analysis to study the association between the outcome variable and the explanatory variables. The independent variables that were associated with the DMFT were: the state of residence in Mato Grosso, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul; the per capita income ≤ R$500.00; difficulties eating and sleeping, and reason for the visit was Pain/Extraction/Treatment/Other. Mean DMFT was 2.14 and the prevalence of dental caries affected 41% of adolescents.

Dental caries and associated factors at age 12 in the Brazilian. / Cárie dentária e fatores associados aos 12 anos na Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil em 2010: um estudo transversal.

This study aims to analyze the index of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) at age 12 in the Midwest Region and to identify associated factors, according to the National Oral Health Survey "SB Brasil 2010". This is a cross-sectional population-based study from the SB Brasil 2010 database, conducted in the capitals of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Federal District and a sample of municipalities in the region. Data were analyzed by the chi-square test and prevalence ratios with their respective confidence intervals, at a significance level of 5%. The Poisson regression was used in the multiple analysis to study the association between the outcome variable and the explanatory variables. The independent variables that were associated with the DMFT were: the state of residence in Mato Grosso, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul; the per capita income ≤ R$500.00; difficulties eating and sleeping, and reason for the visit was Pain/Extraction/Treatment/Other. Mean DMFT was 2.14 and the prevalence of dental caries affected 41% of adolescents.

O objetivo do estudo é analisar o índice de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (CPO-D) na idade de 12 anos da Região Centro-Oeste e identificar fatores associados, segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal, o SB Brasil 2010. É um estudo transversal de base populacional do banco de dados do SB Brasil 2010, realizado nas capitais de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Distrito Federal e uma amostra de municípios da região. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de qui-quadrado e razões de prevalências com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança, a um nível de significância de 0,05. A regressão de Poisson foi empregada na análise múltipla para analisar a associação entre a variável desfecho e as variáveis explicativas. As variáveis independentes que se mostraram associadas ao CPO-D foram: o estado de moradia em Mato Grosso, Goiás e Mato Grosso do Sul; a renda per capita ≤ R$500,00; dificuldade para comer e dormir, e o motivo da consulta por Dor/Extração/Tratamento/Outros. A média do índice CPO-D foi de 2,14 e a prevalência da cárie dental foi de 41% dos adolescentes.

Cut-off points of anthropometric markers associated with hypertension in the Brazilian population: National Health Survey, 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To identify cut-off points for waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and BMI associated with hypertension in the Brazilian adult and elderly population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the cut-off points of WC, WHtR and BMI in the prediction of hypertension. Those who had systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and those who reported use of antihypertensive medication were considered hypertensive. SETTING: Brazil.ParticipantsParticipants from the National Health Survey, the Brazilian household-based survey conducted in 2013, of both sexes and age ≥20 years. RESULTS: Cut-off points for WC and WHtR increased with age in both sexes. WC cut-off limits ranged between 88·0 and 95·9 cm in men and between 85·0 and 93·2 cm in women. For WHtR, cut-off scores ranged from 0·51 to 0·58 for men and from 0·53 to 0·61 for women. Additionally, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for all age and sex groups was greater than 0·60 while the lower limit of the AUC 95 % CI for both WC and WHtR was not less than 0·50. The performance of BMI was similar to that of indicators of fat location. CONCLUSIONS: All analysed anthropometric indicators had similar performance in identifying hypertension in the Brazilian population.

Socio-economic and demographic characteristics associated with risk behaviour patterns for chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil: data from the National Health Survey, 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk behaviour patterns for chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) in the Brazilian population and to investigate associated socio-economic and demographic factors. DESIGN: Factor analysis was used to identify patterns considering the following risk behaviours: consumption of soft drinks/artificial juice, sweet foods, red meat with apparent fat, chicken skin; inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables; alcohol abuse; smoking; absence of physical activity during leisure time; and time spent watching television. The χ 2 test was used to compare ratios. All analyses accounted for weighting factors and the study's complex sampling design effect. The socio-economic and demographic variables evaluated were gender, age, schooling level and macro region of residence. SETTING: National Health Survey, a household survey with national representation, conducted in 2013 in Brazil.ParticipantsIndividuals (n 60202) aged 18 years or over. RESULTS: Four risk behaviour patterns were identified: 'Physical inactivity in leisure time and Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables', 'Saturated fat', 'Alcohol and Smoking' and 'Sedentary behaviour and Sugar', explaining 52·01 % of the total variance. Overall, greater adherence to 'Saturated fat' and 'Alcohol and Smoking' patterns was observed among men and those with lower education level. The 'Sedentary behaviour and Sugar' and 'Physical inactivity in leisure time and Inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables' patterns had greater adherence among younger individuals, and the first was associated with higher education whereas the second with less education among individuals residing in the North and Northeast regions. CONCLUSIONS: Risk behaviour patterns for NCD were heterogeneous, reflecting the socio-economic and demographic differences in Brazil.